History of Old Sudan

By Hanan Abd Elhakm .sudan 

Capital: Khartoum
Area: 2,505,810 sq km
Borders to: Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Uganda (and the Red Sea)
Population: approx. 38.1 million
Language: Arabic (official language), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages and English
Religions: Sunni Muslim (70%), Christian (5%), indigenous beliefs (25%)
Independence from Egypt and United Kingdom: January 1st, 1956.
Literacy: 50,5% of adult population (over 15 years)
Est. infant mortality: 66 per 1,000 live births
Life expectancy: 59 (Women), 57 (Men)
Government type: Authoritarian regime by a military junta in cooperation with nationalist and Islamic parties.
Chief of state/head of government: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (since October 16th, 1993)
GDP: $52.9 billion, $1,400 per capita
Services are 40% of GDP. Agriculture is 43% of GDP and industry is 17%.
Currency: Sudanese dinar (SDD



Modern time Sudan

1820: Sudan is conquered by Turkey and Egypt.
1881: Rebellion against the Turkish-Egyptian administration.
1882: The British invade Sudan.
1885: An Islamic state is founded in Sudan.
1899: Sudan is governed by British-Egyptian rule.
1955: Revolt and start of the civil war

Independence

1956: Sudan gains independence.
1958: A military coup takes place in Sudan. The civilian government is removed.
1962: The civil war breaks out in the southern (mainly Christian/African) parts of Sudan.
October 1964: People of Sudan rebels. The military junta falls after a communist general strike. A national government is formed.
May 1969: New military coup placing Jaafar Numeiri at power.
1971: Leaders of the communist party are executed for attempting a coup against Numeiri.
1972: A peace agreement is signed in Addis Ababa. The southern Sudan achieves partly self-governance

Ingredients for war: Oil and Sharia

1978: Large findings of oil are made in Bentiu, southern Sudan. The oil becomes an important factor in the strife between North and South.
1983: Numieri introduces the Islamic Sharia law to Sudan leading to a new breakout of the civil war in the Christian south. In the south the forces are led by the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) under command by John Garang.
1985: President Numieri is removed from power in a military coup.
1986: A civilian government is made in an effort to restore peace after general elections.
1989: Al-Bashir and his Islamic Front (NIC) takes power in a military coup.
1995: The Sudanese government are accused of being part of an attempt on the life of Egyptian prime minister Mubarak. UN decides on sanctions against Sudan.

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